XNUMX. 2023
Author: Debbie Martin, KPA CTP, emeritus professor of LVT, Behavior veterinary technical experts and elite fear certification ® professional, TEAM Education in Animal behaviors, LLC, Spicewood, TX
Veterinary technicians and nurses the basic behavior of pharmacology
theCareer girlVeterinary continuing education onlinenews, Debbie Martin, KPA CTP, Faculty Emeritus, LVT, VTS (behaviors) reviewed all you need to know about dogs and cats in veterinary drug use some of the common Behavior!Continue reading veterinary technicians and nurses reviews the basic behavior of pharmacology.
As a veterinary technician, it is important to realize that you have to take care of the patients may be taking the behavior of the drug's potential side effects and contraindications.This not only when dealing with animals safety is very important to us, and we can possible side effects to the pet owners are also proposed.Although this paper does not discuss specific behavior to use what drug, but realize when behavior can be as part of the complete behavior treatment plan is very important.The drug itself does not teach pet how to change their behavior.However, it may be possible to reduce the level of anxiety/pressure of pet, enough to help promote the learning process.Fear and anxiety hinders the animal's ability to learn, hinder the behavior change and training.
Behavior after diagnosis, the following is a veterinary drugs may consider using behavior:
1. Due to the problem behavior, the connection between the people and animals is waning, rupture or severely damaged, need a quick result.Owner may fear of pet, seeking help as a "last resort", or consider euthanasia or relocated.
2. Pets with fear, anxiety and/or stress related emotional or learning disabilities.Because of fear, anxiety, depression and/or conflict, pets may show the panic, fear, excessive excitement, excessive excitement, impulse or aggressive.
3. The damage to the health and welfare of the pet.This may include physical health, cognitive health, longevity, and emotional health.
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The following is a veterinary drugs may consider using behavior:
Aggressive: if there are multiple triggers, unable to identify or avoid the trigger, aggressive threshold is low, or appear not graded response, drug treatment may be required.Not FDA approved drugs for the treatment of aggression.
2. Fear, Anxiety, Panic, and/or Phobia: when a variety of stimulus, cannot avoid stimulation, unable to control strength, unable to determine the starting point of the pressure, is happening or self-injury behavior, drug treatment may be noted.
3. Repeat, hyperactivity, rigid or compulsive behavior: drugs might help to reduce the frequency of behavior/strength, therefore can change behavior, or drugs may reduce may develop into compulsive behavior conflict behavior frequency/strength (usually because depression).
4. Cognitive dysfunction: drug may slow the progress of cognitive dysfunction.Drugs can also be used in the treatment of symptoms associated with cognitive dysfunction syndrome.
5. Others: only for the above situation or circumstance, adopting appropriate behavior modification plan of progress.
Drug category
There are a variety of drugs and supplements can be used in the treatment of pet behavior disorders.This article focuses on some of the more commonly used in veterinary behavioral specialist clinic drug behavior.Usually, some drugs used as a major or main daily, some drugs is according to the need to use a situation or event.Unless you indicate the FDA approval of specific case, all drugs are considered as a treatment for dog and cat behavior outside the label of purpose.
The mainstay of the common drugs
Main drugs usually takes several weeks to fully play a role, and must be at least once per day.Common category is the main drugs XNUMX - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI).
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Examples include fluoxetine (Prozac ® or Reconcile ®), paroxetine (Paxil ®) and sertraline (Zoloft ®).Reconcile ® approved by the FDA for the treatment of the dog's separation anxiety.SSRIs increase the levels of serotonin in the synaptic cleft.May need 4 to 6 weeks or longer to fully play a role.Potential side effects, including gastrointestinal tract (loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation), urinary retention (especially paxil, calm behavior/drowsiness, contradiction of anxiety/exciting/offensive, dilated pupils.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
Examples include chlorine meters palmer Ming (Clomicalm ® - the FDA approved for the treatment of the dog's separation anxiety) and Amy for Lin (Elavil ®).TCA effect on other neurotransmitters serotonin and each are not identical.Work time is usually 3 to 4 weeks or longer.Because of their half-life, the best two times a day instead of once a day.Some potential side effects, including gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or constipation, urinary retention, antihistamines, like calm, dry mouth and/or dry eye.Behavioral side effects may include sedation or lethargy, loss of appetite, and excited/attack adds.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
In the veterinary behavioral medicine, the use of selective type B monoamine oxidase inhibitors.Examples include to gillan, L - deprenyl or Anipryl ®.Anipryl dog is approved by FDA for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction syndrome.It is also used to treat the dog's dependency of pituitary adrenal cortical beat.Effective time of four to eight weeks.Potential side effects, including gastrointestinal tract (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), increased activity (shall be carried out in the morning!, excited, be agitated, and/or lost.
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Serotonin syndrome
XNUMX serotonin syndrome is a group with XNUMX serotonin and/or excessive toxicity related symptoms.This may occur in some patients (usually) in patients undergoing high-dose after conventional XNUMX - serotonin drugs, XNUMX serotonin acute overdose drugs, or jointly took several XNUMX serotonin regulates drugs, herbs and/or supplements.Serotonin syndrome symptoms are divided into three categories:
1. The mental status, or mood changes (confusion, irritability, excitement, anxiety and anxiety)
2. Nerve muscle hyperactivity (tremor, trembling, muscle stiffness, clonus muscle spasm and stiffness in attack)
3. The autonomic nervous hyperactivity (a racing heartbeat, shortness of breath, panting, high blood pressure, the soles of your feet sweat, fever)
1 - serotonin syndrome symptoms, according to the deterioration of order, including: 2) consciousness, pupil, dilated pupils, diarrhea, 3) agitation to extremely excited, 4) tremor, hyperreflexia, ataxia, loss of coordination), the instability of autonomic nerve may be associated with rapid fluctuations in vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure), 5) temperature is too high, uncontrollable shivering, nerve muscle stiffness, myoclonus, seizures, XNUMX) delirium, coma, status epilepticus, cardiovascular failure and death.
Owner should understand the signs of serotonin syndrome, especially if the effects of serotonin are used in combination with drugs.If appearance and XNUMX serotonin regulates drug combination drug related symptoms, once found symptoms, should immediately stop using problematic XNUMX serotonin to drugs.According to the severity of symptoms, and may require support therapy.Compared with other behavior medicine, MAOI more possible drug interactions.
Drug situation events
These can be according to the need to use drugs.For example, a fear of thunderstorm dog may be a mainstay of the main drugs, and then taking a situation before the storm events.Sometimes, these drugs are also used as auxiliary or enhance strategy (normal or at least a day dosing) combined with a main pillar of drugs.Many drug choice, we will focus on some of the most common drugs, for example, alpha 2 agonists, benzodiazepines drugs, gabapentin and letrozole ketone.It is recommended to use drugs before situation events in a stress-free environment to test it, in order to solve fear induced is about to happen.This allows the owner to evaluate work time, duration of action and side effects.
Alpha 2 agonist
Clonidine (Catapres ®) is a kind of tablet form of oral administration of alpha 2 agonists.Working time is 1 to 2 hours, the effect lasts for 4 to 6 hours.While the dog is usually well tolerated, but side effects may include related to the dose of sedation, not the voice of the common abnormal agitation or rare increased sensitivity.Other potential side effects include vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, short of blood glucose, low blood pressure and heart rate slow.
Sileo ® (right beautiful mi oral mucosal gel) approved by the FDA for the treatment of the dog's noise.It is a kind of oral mucosal gel.Work time is 30 to 60 minutes, action duration of 2 to 3 hours.Side effects may include vomiting, mucosa pale and calm.Gloves should be worn when daub, and should guide the master how to give medicine to avoid accidental overdoses.It is showed that the process of video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?V = lXHTmKYMRdc
With severe cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, liver or kidney disease or otherwise damaged dog should avoid to use alpha 2 agonist.Information about the cat oral alpha 2 agonist co., LTD.
Benzodiazepine zhuo
Benzodiazepines drugs are anti-anxiety drugs, they can stimulate the main inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.Examples include diazepam Valium ®), alprazolam (Xanex ®), lorazepam (Ativan ®) and clonazepam (Klonopin ®).At the time of this writing, a kind of new drugs have been approved by FDA, used in the treatment of the noise of dogs hate, but not yet listed in the United States.It is ai completed the horse (Pexion ™);In Europe for the treatment of epilepsy anti-seizure drug dog.Imepitoin zhuo is a kind of low affinity of benzodiazepine receptor partial agonist.Should be at the beginning of the noise happened a few days ago.
Oral benzodiazepines drugs usually take 1 to 2 hours to take effect.Duration varied from drugs.Alprazolam duration is about 4 to 6 hours, clonazepam duration for 8 to 12 hours.Side effects may include increased appetite, aggressive suppression, muscle relaxation, trembling, composed, amnesia and unusually excited.Patients with aggressive behavior should be careful to use of benzodiazepines drugs.Because of the risk of acute hepatic necrosis may avoid oral diazepam in the cat.Because the cat lorazepam plasma concentration of peak time for 12 hours, so you may need to conventional drug delivery once or twice a day, because the working time could be extended, and difficult to arrange time according to need to deal with the unpredictable events.
gabapentin
Gabapentin is a kind of anticonvulsants, also used in the treatment of neuropathic pain.It is also a kind of anti-anxiety medications.Although its mechanism is not fully clear, gabapentin is thought to reduce the release of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.Working time is usually 2 to 3 hours, duration of action for six to eight hours.Very few side effects, but may include a slight increase appetite, high dose will appear calm, movement disorders, and urinary incontinence (rare).A wide range of the dose of the drug, the commonly used to aid in the Fear of the dogs and cats Free ® veterinary clinic.
Letrozole ketone
Letrozole ketone is a SARI (serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors).Letrozole ketone has weak serotonin can.Although usually according to need and may also affect serotonin other major drugs used in combination, but the master should be made to realize the potential risk of serotonin syndrome.When used according to need, it may lead to calm.Routine use as a auxiliary drug or enhance strategy will be in 3 to 4 weeks after will increase serotonin.When used as a situation or event, drug duration may for 6 to 12 hours.Taken on an empty stomach can lead to faster work, but will increase the possibility of gastrointestinal side effects.Side effects may include vomiting, diarrhea, calm anxiety and irritability / / aggression.
Levulinic oxazine
Historically, oral levulinic lamictal is routinely used in hard to deal with the dog's veterinarian.However, it is important to recognize the levulinic lamictal is at best a chemical sedative anti-anxiety effect is poorer.Oral medications were given effect changed a lot.Levulinic lamictal can damage learning and can lead to deep sedation for up to 24 hours.It may create a conflict of the loss of their excitement, increased aggression and bite inhibition.Levulinic lamictal can never alone for the treatment of fear, anxiety, stress, or aggression.
conclusion
As a veterinary technician, we need to understand the behavior of our patients, customers and potential side effects of our own security.Drugs only when customers can safely be giving their pets.For veterinary technicians, therefore, important is how to guide the host security and without pressure.For more information, please refer to provide recommended resources.
resources
Martin D, Shaw J editor.Veterinary technicians and nurses behavior of dogs and cats, version 2.Willy - blackwell.Can be made a reservation in https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Canine+and+Feline+Behavior+for+Veterinary+Technicians+and+Nurses%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9781119765400 in 2023
Video about giving a pet:https://www.fearfreehappyhomes.com/video/giving-medications-to-your-pet-putting-the-treat-into-treatments/
Details of the video: oral and topicalhttps://www.fearfreehappyhomes.com/video/administering-oral-and-topical-medications/
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